Grade level: Grade 9.
Provincial curriculum links: Ontario and Pan-Canadian.
Subject: Science.
Keywords: plant, reproduction, seeds, seed production, seed dispersal, pollination, adaptation, angiosperm, gymnosperm.
In this field study, students will compare a variety of plants and their methods of sexual and asexual reproduction and seed dispersal. The concept of adaptation - a hereditary alteration in an organism that facilitates its survival and reproduction - will be introduced and investigated through this hands-on activity.
This lesson is linked directly to the learning expectations described in the Ontario Curriculum for Grade 9 Science.
The learning expectations are also broadly applicable to other Canadian curricula, including the Pan-Canadian Science Curriculum.
Strand: Biology
Specific Lesson Goals:
describe and give examples of types of sexual reproduction that occurs in plants;
describe various types of asexual reproduction that occur in plant species and various methods for the asexual propagation of plants.
Knowledge: 305-2 distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction in representative organisms.
Hand lens
Introduce the activity by displaying a representative plant and guide the students through the worksheet questions using this plant. This can be done either inside or outside. You may want to introduce the discussion questions at this point, so that students have them in mind as they conduct the activity. Also, remember to highlight any new vocabulary (e.g., angiosperm, gymnosperm, adaptation etc.)
Depending on the abundance, diversity and location plants on the school grounds, you may wish to identify the specific flowering and non-flowering plants to be studied. Alternatively, allow the students to select their own plant specimens.
Organize the students into groups of 2 to 4 members. Assign specific tasks (e.g. group leader, equipment manager, data collector).
Identify the boundary lines for the exercise. Remind students to minimize habitat disturbance and avoid picking flowers during the exercise.
Circulate among the groups as they conduct the activity. Students will need to take field notes, which can then be written up as an assignment.
Provide time to conduct a class discussion on the follow-up questions.
Conduct a whole-class discussion around the results and the following questions:
Why have seed plants become so widely distributed throughout the world?
Describe two ways flowering plants (angiosperms) differ from conifers (gymnosperms) with reference to their reproductive parts.
Why are ferns, mosses and liverworts uncommon on most school grounds?
What are the characteristics of plants adapted for wind pollination? Insect pollination? Bird pollination?
(a) Explain how each of these characteristics assists pollinators.
Explain why cross-pollination is better for a species than self-pollination.
List three ways self-pollination can be prevented by plants.
Why is it necessary for pines to produce large amounts of pollen?
(a) What are the advantages of sexual reproduction in plants?
(b) What are the advantages of asexual reproduction in plants?
What factors are contributing to the decline of pollinator populations? What effect will this have on the food crop industries and native plant species?
Completion of worksheets and quality of observations
Observation during activity
Peer and self-evaluation
Grow geranium plants from stem cuttings. In what ways are they similar? In what ways are they different?
Grow African Violets asexually from a leaf.
Examine pollen grains of several plant species under the microscope to see how they are adapted to make pollination more successful.
Examine the ovules inside the ovary of several simple flower species.
Examine the gametophyte and sporophyte of a moss.
Self-pollinate and cross-pollinate plants manually in the classroom and observe the results.
Establish a wildflower garden by collecting and planting seeds.
Wear an old wool sock over a shoe (or drag an old scarf) and walk through a fall field or forest to collect hitch-hiking seeds.
Collect as many kinds of seeds as possible. Make a display by gluing the seeds to a sheet, a bristol board and label them.
Gather winged seeds and parachute seeds. Release them and measure the distance traveled, time aloft, or angle of sliding to the ground.
Research the tissue culture technique for commercially producing plants.
Research the decline of pollinator populations in North America. Report on the causes of the decline, impact on the food crop industry and ways to address the issue.
Where possible, relate the discussion questions back to the students' own school ground. What sorts of plants would have reproductive adaptations to suit the school grounds? Which species would be most likely to survive on the school grounds, and which would not? How could the school grounds be made more hospitable to a wider variety of plants?
Students should have prior knowledge of the following terms and processes: sexual reproduction in angiosperms, gymnosperms and spore-bearing plants; asexual reproduction in plants (from roots, stems and leaves); flower parts and functions (receptacle, corolla, petals, calyx, sepals, stamen, anther, filament, pistil, stigma, style, ovary); adaptations for plant reproduction and seed dispersal.
Angiosperms are flowering plants that contain both the female reproductive organ (pistil) and the male reproductive organ (stamen). The seeds form inside the flower and become enclosed in a case when mature.
Gymnosperms do not produce flowers. Most produce seeds inside cones. The seeds have a protective coat but they are not enclosed in a case (e.g. conifers such as pine and spruce).
Mosses, liverworts and ferns reproduce sexually through spores.
Asexual reproduction, or vegetative propagation, involves forming new plants from pieces of root (e.g. poplar trees), stem (e.g. strawberry) or leaf (e.g. Bryophyllum).
The colour, shape and size of flowers is related to how they are pollinated. Insect-pollinated flowers usually have very showy, large colourful corollas that attract insects visually and act as landing platforms. They are usually scented and often contain nectar. Flowers pollinated by butterflies are frequently red. Those pollinated by moths are often white.
Flowers that attract birds and bats often need to have large petals for landing.
Wind-pollinated flowers are designed differently. They are often missing the calyx and corolla and have no nectar. Their stigmas are frequently large and feathery. They produce large amounts of pollen. Maple trees produce their flowers in clusters at the tips of branches in early spring.
There are many mechanisms for seed dispersal:
Wind - helicopter blades of maple seeds; silky white tufts of dandelion and milkweed seeds act like parachutes.
Animals - spines, hooks and barbs help some seeds to hitch hike on fur, feathers and clothes (e.g. burdock burr); some seeds have sticky substances that cling to passing animals; seeds may be dispersed through bird and mammal droppings; uneaten buried caches of seeds and nuts made by mice, squirrels and some birds develop into plants.
Water - floating coconuts, water lilies and purple loosestrife use water to disperse seeds.
Tossed by Plants - touch-me-not (jewel weed) and pea plant toss their seeds when the pods explode.
Conifers reproduce by seeds that are formed in cones. A cone is made of scales. Scales are modified leaves. Cones are produced by the sporophyte, usually in the spring. A sporophyte is a life-cycle phase of plants which have diploid nuclei; during this phase, spores are produced. The wind transfers pollen from male cones to female cones that display open scales.
The pine tree produces soft male cones in clusters at the base of the new spring shoots. These cones last only one or two weeks. Each of their scales produces haploid male spores by meiosis. These spores are called pollen grains. Before a pollen grain is shed, the cell inside divides to form the male gametophyte. This gametophyte is protected by a thick wall around the pollen grains. In pine, part of the wall bulges to form two wings.
The female cones, (or seed cones), of conifers are much larger and harder than the male cones. In many species, they become quite woody as they mature. The typical "pine cone" that one might collect on a forest floor is a woody female cone.
Once some pollen reaches the female cones, the scales close up. The pollen grains germinate inside the cone.
Scout the school ground for flowering shrubs, deciduous trees, conifers, forbs (broad-leafed plants) and grass. Additional plant specimens can be collected off site for examination in the classroom. If your school grounds don't include many natural elements, you may want to take students to a more natural green space, where you're likely to find a greater variety of plants. This is a great excuse to initiate a discussion of school ground greening.
Due to the complexity of composite flowers, direct students to study simple flowers.
It is not always necessary for students to be able to name a plant, but making field guides available will help them identify at least a few of the plants they're studying. If possible, assemble several field guides to wildflowers, weeds, trees and shrubs.
It is recommended that this investigation be conducted in the spring when many trees, shrubs and plants are flowering.
SAFETY NOTE: Consult your school board's policy regarding safety precautions for outdoor excursions and plan your trip accordingly. Be aware of any students with allergies to insect bites and plants and ensure they carry the required medications. Students should wash their hands after handling soil, plants and equipment. Encourage students to wear sunscreen and appropriate clothing (e.g. hat, long-sleeved shirt) to minimize the damaging effects of sun exposure.
Farrar, J. L. Trees in Canada. Markham: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited. 1995.
Hickman, Pamela. Introducing Flowers, Ferns, Fungi and More. Toronto: Federation of Ontario Naturalists. 1992.
Montgomery, F. H. Weeds of Canada and the Northern United States. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited. 1964.
Newcombe, L. Newcombe's Wildflower Guide. Boston: Little Brown and Company. 1997.
Niering, W. A. and N. C. Olmstead. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1979.
Peterson, R. T. and M. McKenny. A Fieldguide to Wildflowers of Northeastern and Northcentral North America. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1968.
Peterson, R.T. and M. McKenny. A Field Guide to Wildflowers. The Peterson Field Guide Series No. 17. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1968.
Petrides, G.A. A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs, 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1972.
Student Worksheet
Date: ____________________________
Group Members: _________________________________________________________
In this investigation you will explore how different plant species reproduce and disperse their seeds and spores.
Locate two different angiosperms to study. Use the hand lens to examine their reproductive parts.
Complete the following table for each plant:
Plant Name:_______________________________ (use the latin name, if possible)
|
Labeled Sketch of Flower's Reproductive Parts |
Adaptations For Pollination |
Agent of Pollination |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
Odour: Yes or No |
|
Plant Name:_______________________________
|
Labeled Sketch of Flower's Reproductive Parts |
Adaptations For Pollination |
Agent of Pollination |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
Odour: Yes or No |
|
Locate one gymnosperm to study.
Identify the tree (use the latin name, if possible).
Try to locate an open female or seed cone on the tree or ground. Female cones are much larger and harder than the male cones. Why are the scales open?
Remove one scale. Locate on its upper surface two raised masses called "sporangia" or ovules. Speculate on the function of the ovules.
What is the function of the scale?
Draw the scale.
Why is the scale shaped the way it is?
Locate a male or pollen cone on the tree or ground. Male cones are smaller and not as hard as the female cones.
Remove one scale and examine with the hand lens.
Draw the scale.
What is the agent of pollination?
Locate a fern. Your teacher will provide you with a fern if one is not growing on site.
Use the hand lens to examine the spore cases.
Where are the spore cases located?
How are the spore cases arranged?
What is the colour of the spore cases?
How are spores adapted for dispersal?
Examine additional seed producing plants. Some clues to look for are spines, hooks, burrs, tufts of hair, a sticky covering, thin membranous wings and exploding pods. Create a table to summarize the methods and adaptations of seed dispersal that you observe. The table should have a column for the plant name (e.g., Maple Tree or Acer saccharum), a column for the seed-dispersal mechanism (e.g., helicopter-winged keys spin through air), and a column for the structural adaptation of the seed (e.g., wing-shaped; thin and light).
Locate and identify asexual reproducing plants growing on site. Research how new plants are made.
How can you distinguish between an asexual reproducing plant and a sexual reproducing plant?